The Flying King: the novelistic Alexander (Pseudo-Callisthenes 2.41) and the traditions of the Ancient Orient

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24277/classica.v33i1.898

Palavras-chave:

Alexander the Great, Alexander Romance, Kai Kāūs, Iranian myth, flying throne, flying machine.

Resumo

The story of Alexander’s flight is preserved in early Byzantine versions of the Alexander Romance (codex L, recensions λ
and γ) but is already mentioned by Rabbi Jonah of Tiberias (4th century AD) in the Jerusalem Talmud. The narrative must have been created between the late Hellenistic period and the early Imperial age. Although there are differences in details, the main storyline is common in all versions. Alexander fabricates a basket or large bag, which hangs from a yoke and is lifted into the air by birds of prey; Alexander guides the birds upwards by baiting them with a piece of meat fixed on a long spear. The same story-pattern is found in oriental tales about the Iranian king Kai Kāūs and the Babylonian Nimrod. Kai Kāūs’ adventure was included in the Zoroastrian Avesta and must have been current in the Iranian mythical tradition during the first millennium BCE. It is then transmitted by Medieval Islamic authors (Ṭabarī, Bal‘amī, Firdausī, Tha‘ālibī, Dīnawarī), who ultimately depend on Sasanian historical compilations, in which the early mythology of Iran had been collected. The story of Kai Kāūs’ ascension is earlier than Pseudo-Callisthenes’ narrative and contains a clear indication of morphological priority: in some versions the Persian king flies while seated on his throne, which reflects a very ancient and widespread image of royal iconography in Iran and Assyria. Probably Alexander’s aerial journey was derived from an old oriental tradition of tales about flying kings, to which the stories of Kai Kāūs and Nimrod also belonged. The throne had to be eliminated from Alexander’s story, because the episode was set during Alexander’s wanderings at the extremities of the world. The Macedonian king had therefore to fabricate his flying vehicle from readily available materials. Later, after the diffusion of Pseudo-Callisthenes’ romance in the Orient, the tale of Alexander’s ascension might have exercised secondary influence on some versions of the stories of Kai Kāūs and Nimrod, regarding specific details such as the use of the bait.

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Biografia do Autor

  • Ioannis M. Konstantakos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.
    Ioannis M. Konstantakos (born Athens, 22-6-1972) studied classical philology at the universities of Athens (BA 1995) and Cambridge (MPhil 1996, PhD 2000). Since 2003 he teaches ancient Greek literature and culture at the Faculty of Philology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, where he is now full Professor of Greek. His scholarly interests include Greek and Roman comedy, the history of European comic theatre, Herodotus, ancient fiction, folktales and popular lore, the literatures and cultures of the ancient Near East, and the reception of classical texts in East and West. He has published widely on all these topics. His articles have appeared in many Greek and international periodicals. He has given papers and lectures in various conferences, learned societies and university institutions. He has received student grants and scholarships from the Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation and the Greek State Scholarships Foundation. His monograph Akicharos: The Tale of Ahiqar in Ancient Greece, vol. 1-2 (Athens 2008) was awarded in 2009 the prestigious prize of the Academy of Athens for the best classical monograph published within the last five years. Another book of his, Legends and Folktales about the Land of Gold: Archaeology of a Folktale Motif (Athens 2011), was shortlisted for the State Prize of Essay and Criticism in 2012.

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2020-05-31

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Primeira parte. Ensaios sobre o Romance de Alexandre

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Konstantakos, I. M. (2020). The Flying King: the novelistic Alexander (Pseudo-Callisthenes 2.41) and the traditions of the Ancient Orient. Classica - Revista Brasileira De Estudos Clássicos, 33(1), 105-138. https://doi.org/10.24277/classica.v33i1.898